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By using integrative taxonomy, we describe a new species of terrestrial foam-nesting frog of the genus Adenomera from white-sand forests of the Rio Negro Sustainable Development Reserve, Central Amazonia, Brazil. Within the A. andreae clade, the new species belongs to the A. simonstuarti complex where it is sister to the lineage from the lower Juruá River. The new species is assigned to the genus Adenomera by having adult SVL smaller than 34.1 mm, by its lack of fringing and webbing between toes and by the absence of spines on the thumb of adult males. It differs from other Adenomera by the following combination of characters: antebrachial tubercle absent; toe tips flattened or slightly flattened, with visible expansions; nearly solid, dark-coloured stripe on underside of forearm; single-note advertisement call; notes formed by 11–21 incomplete pulses; call duration varying between 100 and 199 ms; fundamental frequency 1,765–2,239 Hz; dominant frequency 3,448–4,349 Hz; and endotrophic tadpoles with spiracle present and labial teeth absent. Over the last decade, we have inventoried many permanent sampling modules in ombrophilous forests in the Manaus Region and in the Purus-Madeira interfluve, but the new species was found only in the white-sand forest from West Negro-Solimões Interfluve. Adenomera sp. nov. may be endemic to, or at least a specialist in, this environment. 

Taxonomic uncertainty at the species level compromises our knowledge of biodiversity, conservation, and systematics. The impact of such uncertainty is heightened in megadiverse regions such as Amazonia due to high levels of cryptic diversity. We used integrative taxonomy based on newly collected topotypical specimens to redescribe the Amazonian nurse frog Allobates gasconi and infer its phylogenetic relationships. This species was described in 2002 based solely on morphology, but several characters crucial for the reliable diagnosis of species in Allobates were not considered. Our results show that A. gasconi sensu stricto is not a member of the A. caeruleodactylus clade as previously claimed, but is a member of the A. trilineatus clade. Allobates gasconi is readily distinguished from congeners by a combination of morphological and bio- acoustic characters; a revised diagnosis is provided. The type series of A. gasconi comprises more than one species, and we exclude a paratype from lower Juruá River. The species is restricted geographically to flooded environments in the middle and upper Juruá River in Brazil and in the Ucayali River in Peru. The initial misidentification, subsequent absence of topotypic molecular and acoustic data, and the poor preservation condition of the type series have contributed to taxonomic confusion since A. gasconi was first described. The descriptions of other species of Allobates published more than two decades ago were based mainly on gross morphology, and we recommend integrative taxonomic revisions to elucidate their systematics.